British Journal of Management, v. Career makes use of the temporal condition continuity in time , while the profession demands the formation, status and institutionalization of an occupation. Therefore, the career encompasses profession, vocation and work, which, over time, gain a conceptual border.
In the contemporary context, the career is in evidence in different areas of knowledge administration, psychology, sociology , which enablesan interdisciplinary discussion. Institutional office and the person. American Journal of Sociology, v. Interdisciplinary approaches to contemporary career studies. Human Relations, v. Symbolic interactionism lies between social psychology and sociology.
The interactionist perspective frames what can be called Howard S. Becker's Labeling Theory, in which the individual or group is considered deviant by other members of society. In this work the two terms, deviant and outsider will be used, since the term outsider became consecrated in the Social Sciences. Outsiders: estudos de sociologia do desvio. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, In introducing the subjective conception to understand career - in the interactionist perspective -, when treating the individual and its social interaction through the meanings and interpretations of the actions that occur in the social context, Hughes innovated in the scope of the approaches on the development of career.
In view of the importance of the interdisciplinary approach to career study, this work will focus on the areas of knowledge of sociology and administration. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, The social implications deal with non-belonging to social groups cosidered normal; the professional implications refer to the fact that a carrer is not seen as prestigious, lack of status and financial issues; the psychological implications refer to family and friends pressure OLIVEIRA, OLIVEIRA, L.
Different careers are labeled as outsiders: visual artists, artisans, actors, musicians, traditional and popular dancers, circus artists, models, athletes, astrologers and numerologists, esotericists and sex workers.
As the general objective of this article is to present a theoretical and methodological discussion for the study of career in the perspective of symbolic interactionism - presenting a sociological, theoretical and methodological perspective -, it is intended to contribute to a better understanding of the theme and provide contributions to scholars in the area.
What contributes greatly to the relevance of this study is the fact that in it is introduced the sociological perspective in the study of the career.
Greater relevance is found in privileging the sociology of the deviation for analysis of the outsider career in the context of the administration. Identidade e desvio social. What do they label? Moreover, in what circumstances is the labeling successful or not?
Sociologia do desvio e interacionismo. Tempo Social, v. In addition, it was verified that there are no works developed in Brazil that contemplate the issue of outsider careers. This article is organized in four sections. The first section seeks to discuss the concepts of career and outsider career as well as present the theory of the labeling. The next section seeks to frame the outsider career in the interactionist perspective.
The third section will demonstrate the approximation of the themes. Finally, some final considerations are described. Different theoretical fields have contributed to career problems and their own understanding.
The sociology of professions contributes through the individual, social and institutional dimensions. The individual dimension comprises the construction and experience of the individual at work; the social dimension involves the division and organization of work and the institutional dimension is demarcated by the process of social actors in the defense of their interests against the State.
The contribution of psychology of work involves the concepts of psychic life, identity, self, development and growth of the person and subjectivity. The contribution of the administration is in the understanding of the career in function of its conceptual development. Another contribution is the double vision, individual and organization. In everyday conception, people talking about career understand that they are dealing with their work career, referring to what they do in life and whom they work for.
From the organizational perspective, it represents benefits in the conceptual and practical context. It is a management plan across organizational levels, noting the cultural and philosophical characteristics to develop the individual's talent within the organization. For the worker, it may have different meanings, such as accomplishing economic needs, social and symbolic status dream of life.
In the economic context, the career has been seen as a human capital that is added education and experience throughout life. In addition, for the political sciences, it may be seen as the sequence of efforts to maximize self-interest, through attempts to gain power, status, and influence.
The concept of career used in this work involves subjective and objective aspects. Conceptualizing and evaluating career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. However, institutions are ways that the collective behavior and collective action of the individual continue. In this context, career is a procedural combination of objective and subjective aspects. Quais carreiras e para qual sociedade? The traditional model prevailed until the s and favored stability, vertical linear progression, the sexual division of labor, from which women had no access to work and the possibility of ascension was only for the dominant groups.
Carreira, sucesso e qualidade de vida. Or a conflict theorist might be interested in the power and powerlessness experienced by local farmers versus large farming conglomerates, such as the documentary Food Inc.
Another topic of study might be how nutrition varies between different social classes. A sociologist viewing food consumption through a symbolic interactionist lens would be more interested in micro-level topics, such as the symbolic use of food in religious rituals, or the role it plays in the social interaction of a family dinner.
These three approaches are still the main foundation of modern sociological theory, but some evolution has been seen. Structural-functionalism was a dominant force after World War II and until the s and s. At that time, sociologists began to feel that structural-functionalism did not sufficiently explain the rapid social changes happening in the United States at that time.
Conflict theory then gained prominence, as there was renewed emphasis on institutionalized social inequality. Critical theory, and the particular aspects of feminist theory and critical race theory, focused on creating social change through the application of sociological principles, and the field saw a renewed emphasis on helping ordinary people understand sociology principles, in the form of public sociology.
Postmodern social theory attempts to look at society through an entirely new lens by rejecting previous macro-level attempts to explain social phenomena. Generally considered as gaining acceptance in the late s and early s, postmodern social theory is a micro-level approach that looks at small, local groups and individual reality. Its growth in popularity coincides with the constructivist aspects of symbolic interactionism.
Review the major sociological theories excluding social constructionism again in the following video. Through language and communication, symbols provide the means by which reality is constructed. Symbolic interactionism is a school of thought in sociology that explains social behavior in terms of how people interact with each other via symbols; in this view, social structures are best understood in terms of such individual interactions.
Mead believed that one's self develops through social interactions. Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors. Thus, society is thought to be socially constructed through human interpretation. People interpret one another's behavior, and it is these interpretations that form the social bond.
Symbolic Interactionism Examples. Examples of Symbolic Interactionism : As humans and as members of a society, we learn to understand through our interaction with symbols, including the letters of our language that make up words. For example , the word "cat" does not have meaning in and of itself. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds.
The main principles of symbolic interactionism are: Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that things have for them. These meanings arise out of social interaction. Social action results from a fitting together of individual lines of action. Developed by thinkers such as Travis Hirschi and Walter Reckless in the late s and early s, control theory explains why people often do not act on deviant impulses. Symbolic interactionists argue that shared activities help to build emotional bonds, and that marriage and family relationships are based on negotiated meanings.
The interactionist perspective emphasizes that families reinforce and rejuvenate bonds through symbolic rituals such as family meals and holidays.
While European functionalists originally focused on explaining the inner workings of social order, American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior.
Among these American functionalist sociologists is Robert Merton b. The manifest function of attending a church or synagogue, for instance, is to worship as part of a religious community, but its latent function may be to help members learn to discern personal from institutional values. With common sense, manifest functions become easily apparent. Yet this is not necessarily the case for latent functions, which often demand a sociological approach to be revealed.
A sociological approach in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event such as divorce. Critics also claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of society's members.
Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise.
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