Bach had four composer sons. He is now generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. His uncles were all professional musicians, whose posts included church organists, court chamber musicians, and composers. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach —93 , introduced him to the organ, and an older second cousin, Johann Ludwig Bach — , was a well-known composer and violinist. Bach, aged 10, moved in with his oldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach — , the organist at St.
He received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord. Also during this time, he was taught theology, Latin, Greek, French, and Italian at the local gymnasium. At the age of 14, Bach, along with his older school friend Georg Erdmann, was awarded a choral scholarship to study at the prestigious St.
Although it is not known for certain, the trip was likely taken mostly on foot. His two years there were critical in exposing him to a wider facet of European culture. He came into contact with sons of aristocrats from northern Germany sent to the highly selective school to prepare for careers in other disciplines. In January , shortly after graduating from St.
His role there is unclear, but likely included menial, non-musical duties. During his seven-month tenure at Weimar, his reputation as a keyboardist spread so much that he was invited to inspect the new organ, and give the inaugural recital, at St.
In August , he became the organist at St. Despite strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer, tension built up between Bach and the authorities after several years in the post. Bach was dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir, while his employer was upset by his unauthorized absence from Arnstadt; Bach was gone for several months in —06, to visit the great organist and composer Dieterich Buxtehude and his Abendmusiken atSt.
The visit to Buxtehude involved a kilometer mi journey each way, reportedly on foot. In , Bach was offered a post as organist at St. It included significantly higher remuneration, improved conditions, and a better choir. Around this time, Bach copied the works of numerous French and Italian composers to gain insights into their compositional languages, and later arranged violin concertos by Vivaldi and others for organ and harpsichord.
During his most productive period —14 he composed about a dozen pairs of preludes and fugues, five toccatas and fugues, and the Little Organ Book , an unfinished collection of 46 short chorale preludes that demonstrates compositional techniques in the setting of chorale tunes. Bach was extensively engaged later in his life in consulting on organ projects, testing newly built organs, and dedicating organs in afternoon recitals.
Bach wrote many works for harpsichord, some of which may have been played on the clavichord. Many of his keyboard works are anthologies that encompass whole theoretical systems in an encyclopaedic fashion. Bach wrote for single instruments, duets, and small ensembles. Many of his solo works, such as his six sonatas and partitas for violin BWV — , six cello suites BWV — , and partita for solo flute BWV , are widely considered among the most profound works in the repertoire.
Bach composed a suite and several other works for solo lute. He wrote trio sonatas; solo sonatas accompanied by continuo for the flute and for the viola da gamba; and a large number of canons and ricercars, mostly with unspecified instrumentation.
These works are examples of the concerto grosso genre. It is widely accepted that many of the harpsichord concertos were not original works, but arrangements of his concertos for other instruments now lost. A number of violin, oboe, and flute concertos have been reconstructed from these. In addition to concertos, Bach wrote four orchestral suites, and a series of stylised dances for orchestra, each preceded by a French overture. As the Thomaskantor, beginning mid of , Bach performed a cantata each Sunday and feast day that corresponded to the lectionary readings of the week.
In total he wrote more than sacred cantatas, of which approximately survive. His cantatas vary greatly in form and instrumentation, including those for solo singers, single choruses, small instrumental groups, and grand orchestras.
Many consist of a large opening chorus followed by one or more recitative-aria pairs for soloists or duets and a concluding chorale.
The recitative is part of the corresponding Bible reading for the week and the aria is a contemporary reflection on it. The melody of the concluding chorale often appears as a cantus firmus in the opening movement. Among his best known cantatas are:. In addition, Bach wrote a number of secular cantatas, usually for civic events such as council inaugurations. Several of them were composed for funerals. The two versions of the Magnificat one in E-flat major, with four interpolated Christmas-related movements, and the later and better-known version in D major , the Easter Oratorio , and the Ascension Oratorio are smaller and simpler than the Passions and the Christmas Oratorio.
All of these movements have substantial solo parts as well as choruses. It is not known what direction of development Bach had intended for his last Mass to take. John and St.
His access to musicians, scores and instruments as a child and a young man and his emerging talent for writing tightly woven music of powerful sonority, allowed him to develop an eclectic, energetic musical style in which foreign influences were combined with an intensified version of the pre-existing German musical language.
From the period —14 onward he learned much from the style of the Italians. During the Baroque period, many composers only wrote the framework, and performers embellished this framework with ornaments and other elaboration. This practice varied considerably between the schools of European music; Bach notated most or all of the details of his melodic lines, leaving little for performers to interpolate.
This accounted for his control over the dense contrapuntal textures that he favoured, and decreased leeway for spontaneous variation of musical lines.
The house where the three Bach brothers lived was later burned down during a large fire in Bach successfully applied for the position of organist in Sangerhausen. However, the job was given to another candidate after all when the regional duke personally intervened. Later on, he was appointed organist at the New Church. Many members of the Bach family lived and worked in Arnstadt between and A total of seventeen family members were born there, while eight got married and twenty-five were buried in the town.
Because he was absent for far longer than agreed, he was severely reprimanded by his employer on his return. He completed his journey on foot. He remained there until , composing numerous works for the organ and harpsichord as well as more than thirty cantatas. He mainly worked at the palace church, which was later destroyed by a fire in In the end, copies of a Telemann violin concerto were found in the s which had clearly been written out by Bach.
Bach travelled to Weissenfels, where his first secular cantata was performed. A few years later, Bach gave a number of recitals at the royal court in Weissenfels, which enjoyed an excellent reputation far and wide for the high quality of its musical performances. Again there was no success. However that was not the responsible detail which is related to Bach's fading health.
Because he couldn't see before and after the surgery. Otherwise Bach was fine. But his general health got worse and worse, due to the catastrophic treatment back then coming with the surgeries. Plus, because of missing medication, which is common to have today. As there was no helping medication around, bleeding as a treatment sent a weak and ill person out of the frying pan into the fire.
So, Bach suffered for half a year after these two surgeries. Not only the missing health, but as well the impositioned rest and inaction weren't definitely helpful for his health. Whether, like nowadays science tells for the last year Bach suffered from diabetes or the blindness is due to a stroke, is surely of no importance.
Both alternatives wouldn't have changed as a threat with a successful surgery. Curiously Johann Sebastian Bach suddenly, half a year after his second operation, was able to see again. Just to suffer a second stroke He was still living for ten days, before he finally died. Hundreds of Music Gifts A Bach bust and an organ calendars are perfect gifts for musicians.
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